Deep water soloing

Deep water soloing

, Tekniikantie 12, Innopoli 1, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland Publication Date Web: January 20, 2010 Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Helsinki University of Technology. Department of Forest Products Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Helsinki University of Technology. was affiliated with the Department of Forest Products Technology at Helsinki University of Technology when this work was performed, and is now deep water soloing with SciTech Service. Two apparatuses for measuring the specific permeability of wood specimens are presented. The developed method was used to measure specific permeability to water in the longitudinal direction of the log for three wood species, pine Pinus sylvestris, birch Betula pendula, and eucalyptus Eucalyptus grandis. The wood species were cooked to a certain degree under kraft cooking conditions. The effect of pretreatments on the specific permeability of uncooked wood was also studied. These pretreatments include boiling in water, steaming, and impregnation with cooking liquor. Wood species were cooked to a certain degree with an H factor of up to 600 for pine, 376 for birch, and 400 for eucalyptus. The average specific permeabilities to water ranged from 1 10 m for cooked birch, and from 3 10 Received: December 12, 2008 Accepted: December 17, 2009 Revised: September 16, 2009 Juha-Pekka Pokki, Ville V. Laakso, Panu Tikka and Juhani Aittamaa Abstract: A method for measuring the perpendicular specific permeability of wood specimens to water is presented, which is a modification of the method presented in part 1 of this work. The specific permeability in the perpendicular direction of the log of 1155 Sixteenth Street, Washington, DC 20036 Because you do not have JavaScript enabled, the Quick Search functionality is not displayed here. Please enable JavaScript or use the Advanced Search Page. This is the first of three articles about water, its sources, treatment, use, and potential reuse when living off the grid. It is generally accepted there are four basic human survivals needs when living off-grid. They are shelter, heat/energy, food and water. The following three articles will focus on water, its collection, treatment, use and reuse. In this article the most common water sources well, stream, pond, roof, etc. and some of their potential problems, concerns and requirements for use and reuse are discussed. Since the water is collected from below the surface, well water is classed as ground water. Well water usually has a higher dissolved soluble ion content but little or no insoluble suspended solids. Because the water has probably passed through rock formations the water is usually hard water, high calcium and magnesium. Therefore untreated well water often causes significant deposits, particularly in the hot water part of the system. Usually these deposits appear as rings or scum in plumbing fixtures. These deposits, as time passes, become very hard to remove. At the very least they require periodic cleaning. Eventually, these deposits will result in premature failure of the plumbing valves and fittings. Also, usually, more detergent or soap is required for cleaning and laundry when using well water. The hardness can be removed by passing the water through a sodium zeolite strong cation ion exchange softener that has been regenerated with salt. The calcium and magnesium will be removed and replaced with sodium ions. The water is then called softened water. Usually, the increase in sodium is not a concern. However, if a low sodium diet is required, depending on the amount of sodium added, softened water could be a concern. Because the calcium is removed softened deep water soloing is corrosive to metals, especially when heated. Therefore, this fact should be considered when selecting the materials of construction for the water distribution system. An alternative to softening all the water is to soften only the water which will be heated. Unsoftened cold water is unlikely to cause deposit problems. Although not a health concern, well water often has iron and/or manganese contamination. Some or all of the iron and manganese is usually dissolved in the water and will pass through a deep water soloing filter.